Blog

HVAC design, explained.

Plain-English guides to office ventilation and air-conditioning, and to explaining a scheme to the people who have to approve it.

3D model of a Cat A office floor: open plan with ducted fan-coil units on a regular grid and fresh-air ductwork from a riser in the core

Cat A vs Cat B fit-out: what changes in the HVAC

The difference between a Cat A and a Cat B office fit-out, explained for the HVAC: what the landlord's installation includes, what a Cat B changes in the ceiling, Cat A+, who pays, and the questions to ask early.

  • Fit-out
  • Cat A
  • Cat B
Close-up of a ducted fan-coil unit with its fresh-air branch at the rear and two flexible ducts to swirl diffusers

How much fresh air does an office need per person?

Office ventilation rates explained: the 10 l/s per person minimum in Approved Document F, the higher targets designers use, how occupancy density changes the sum, and what CO₂ readings tell you.

  • Fresh air
  • Standards
  • CO₂
Age of air at seated head height with particles flowing from each diffuser: young air in the rooms with new fresh-air diffusers, older air in the open plan

Age of air, explained without the maths

What the age of air means, how it differs from air changes per hour, how it is measured and modelled, and why two rooms with the same fresh-air rate can perform completely differently.

  • Airflow
  • Age of air
The floor seen straight down, every HVAC system overlapping in one flat view

How to present an HVAC scheme to clients who don't read M&E drawings

Why good HVAC designs get questioned, delayed or value-engineered out, and a practical, stage-by-stage method for presenting a mechanical scheme to landlords, agents and occupiers who don't read M&E drawings.

  • Presenting
  • Clients